DNA History, Replication, and Protein Synthesis Practice Test

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• Which statement describes the degeneracy of the genetic code?
• During replication, which strand is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments?
• Where is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence located and what is its role?
• During elongation, where does the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA bind?
• The promoter element known as the Pribnow box is located at which position relative to the transcription start site?
• Which DNA form is the common right-handed helix?
• What is wobble base pairing and why does it matter?
• Which sugar is present in DNA nucleotides?
• Which enzyme removes RNA primers during DNA replication in many bacteria?
• What does rRNA stand for?
• What is deoxyribose?
• Which bases are purines?
• What is the monomer (subunit) of the DNA molecule called?
• Which promoter element is commonly found in many eukaryotic genes and helps recruit transcription factors?
• What distinguishes eukaryotic RNA polymerase II from prokaryotic RNA polymerase?
• What does tRNA stand for?
• What is telomerase and why is it needed?
• DNA replication occurs in which cellular compartment?
• Which bases are pyrimidines?
• Is DNA directly involved in transcription?
• Which molecule did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty identify as the transforming principle in their 1944 experiments?
• What are ribosomes primarily composed of?
• Why is DNA polymerase III essential for replication in prokaryotes?
• What are stop codons?
• What is mismatch repair and name a key protein complex involved in bacteria?
• In DNA repair, what is base excision repair?
• Which molecule contains codons that specify amino acids?
• What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
• What role do single-strand binding proteins play during DNA replication?
• Which component of the ribosome catalyzes peptide bond formation?
• What are the major differences between A form, B form, and Z form DNA?
• Okazaki fragments refer to short DNA segments synthesized on which strand?
• Which molecule carries genetic information from the nucleus to ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?
• Which type(s) of RNA are involved in translation?
• An anticodon on a tRNA molecule pairs with which sequence?
• Codon wheel is used to do which of the following?
• Which factors license origins of replication in eukaryotes?
• A nucleotide consists of which components?
• What is telomerase's role in protecting linear chromosomes?
• Which RNA molecule transports amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
• Which initiator tRNA is used during initiation in bacteria?
• The codon wheel helps determine what feature of a protein?
• Pyrimidine dimers are primarily repaired by which mechanism?
• Which sugar is found in RNA?
• Which statement correctly describes RNA?
• What is the purpose of transcription?
• Name the bacterial helicase loader that helps load the helicase at the origin.
• What structural features did Watson and Crick propose for DNA in 1953?
• Which statement is true about origins of replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
• Avery et al. conducted experiments showing that DNA is the genetic material because which outcome occurred when DNA was destroyed?
• What does Chargaff's rule state about base composition in DNA?
• Which molecule carries information from DNA to ribosomes?
• DNA replication is best described as which of the following?
• How many different nitrogenous bases are listed in the material?
• Which type of mutation changes a codon to a stop codon?
• During prokaryotic replication, which enzyme is primarily responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA chain?
• Which experiment confirmed that DNA is the genetic material in bacteriophages?
• What is an Okazaki fragment and on which strand is it synthesized?
• In DNA base pairing, how many hydrogen bonds stabilize A-T pairs and C-G pairs?
• Name a start codon and a stop codon in the standard genetic code.
• In the Meselson-Stahl experiment, what was observed after one round of replication?
• In Griffith's 1928 bacterial experiments, what concept did he demonstrate?
• DNA is best described as which of the following?
• Housekeeping genes are typically associated with which type of gene expression?
• When does DNA replication occur?
• What is the role of tRNA in translation?
• How many amino acids are specified by the genetic code, and how many stop signals exist?
• Which molecule contains deoxyribose?
• The sugar component of RNA is specifically called what?
• Which term best describes a three-base sequence on mRNA that encodes an amino acid?
• Where is the anticodon located?
• What base pairs with Guanine in DNA?
• What is the role of telomerase in cells?
• Which statement best describes the genetic code's triplet nature?
• mRNA is best described as which of the following?
• Which statement best describes covalent bonds in DNA?
• Which statement best describes the distinction between eukaryotic RNA polymerase II and prokaryotic RNA polymerase?
• What is the significance of 3' to 5' exonuclease activity in DNA polymerases?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the four bases found in DNA?
• Which codon codes for leucine?
• Which enzyme initiates base excision repair by removing a damaged base, creating an abasic site?
• What is genetic code degeneracy and give an example?
• Which set lists the nitrogenous bases mentioned?
• Which molecule carries the genetic message from DNA to the ribosome?
• Which enzyme is the bacterial helicase that unwinds DNA at the replication fork?
• The molecule that carries information from DNA to ribosomes is called what?
• What are introns and exons?
• What are Okazaki fragments?
• Which statement describes RNA processing in eukaryotes?
• Which base is Thymine?
• Which statements describe notable exceptions to the central dogma of molecular biology?
• What is the function of single-strand binding proteins during replication?
• Why is thermostable DNA polymerase used in PCR?
• The Hershey-Chase experiment is best known for demonstrating that which molecule is the genetic material?
• What is tRNA charging and which enzyme performs it?
• What is the correct sequence of information flow in the central dogma?
• Which molecule is found only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, except during mitosis?
• Which base is Uracil?
• What types of bonds hold the two DNA strands together in the double helix?
• What is transcription termination in bacteria called for rho-dependent and rho-independent mechanisms?
• In DNA replication, in which direction do DNA polymerases synthesize new DNA strands?
• What base pairs with Adenine in DNA?
• What are ribosomes composed of?
• Which experiment demonstrated transformation in bacteria and hinted at DNA as the genetic material?
• What is the role of DNA polymerase I in prokaryotic replication?
• The backbone of the DNA molecule is made up of which parts?
• What is an amino acid?
• What is semi-conservative replication?
• What are the four bases of DNA?
• In transcription, what enzyme synthesizes RNA from a DNA template?
• Name the enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix at replication forks.
• Which molecule contains ribose?
• In a eukaryotic cell, where is DNA primarily located?
• What is the end-replication problem in linear eukaryotic chromosomes and which enzyme mitigates it?
• What is proofreading in DNA replication?
• Anticodon is defined as which of the following?
• What is the difference between leading and lagging strands?
• How does translation terminate?
• Chargaff's rule also implies that the amounts of guanine and cytosine are equal in DNA. Which other pair is equal?
• Which promoter elements are typical of bacterial transcription initiation?
• Which statement best describes post-translational modifications?
• What enzyme seals nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone after replication?
• Adenine pairs with which base in DNA?
• In semi-conservative replication, how many old strands are present in each new DNA molecule?
• Which exonuclease activity is responsible for proofreading mispaired bases during DNA replication?
• What is the directionality of DNA strands and what does 5' to 3' indicate?
• How is the genetic code read during translation?
• Which statement best describes constitutive gene expression?
• What components make up a DNA nucleotide?
• Transcription is defined as which of the following?
• Which molecule has the sugar deoxyribose?
• Base excision repair specifically targets damaged bases for removal and replacement with correct nucleotides.
• Chargaff's rule is the observation that the percentages of complementary nitrogen bases are almost equal. What is this commonly called?
• What is the nucleus?
• What is a codon?
• Adenine pairs with which bases in RNA and DNA, respectively?
• Which statement is true about DNA in eukaryotic cells?
• Which mutation disrupts the reading frame by insertion or deletion not in multiples of three?
• Transcription takes place here (in a eukaryotic cell).
• What is the role of ribozymes in biology?
• Which statement correctly describes DnaA in bacteria?
• What is the primary enzyme that catalyzes transcription in bacteria?
• What did the Meselson-Stahl experiment demonstrate about DNA replication?
• Which enzyme synthesizes RNA primers during DNA replication?
• What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon?
• Which repair pathway fixes base damage by removing a single base and is initiated by a DNA glycosylase?
• In the context of this material, which process copies the DNA sequence into a messenger RNA?
• What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
• What did Hershey and Chase determine in their 1952 bacteriophage experiments about genetic material?
• Which experimental evidence supports semi-conservative replication, aside from Meselson-Stahl experiments?
• What is the role of telomeres in aging and cell division?
• The base pairing observed in DNA is due to which type of bonds between bases?
• Between purines and pyrimidines, which are larger and how do they pair in DNA?
• What enzyme relieves supercoiling ahead of the replication fork?
• Which molecule is single-stranded?
• Which enzyme seals nicks between Okazaki fragments?
• What is the function of primase in DNA replication?
• Which experiment used a blender to separate labeled components and showed that DNA enters the cell?
• Where does translation take place?
• Which of the following is a nucleic acid?
• Which event occurs during translation termination?
• What are promoters and which sequence is a common eukaryotic promoter element?
• What is the difference between a missense and a nonsense mutation?
• In lac operon regulation, which molecule acts as the inducer?
• During translation, where does protein synthesis take place?
• The lac operon is best described as an inducible operon for lactose metabolism regulated by which components?
• What is the difference between leading and lagging strand synthesis?
• What is the function of topoisomerase during DNA replication?
• Which DNA repair pathway is primarily responsible for removing bulky DNA lesions such as thymine dimers?
• What characterizes the synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication?
• What are Chargaff's rules?
• What type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?
• Which enzyme charges tRNA with its amino acid?
• What is the overall purpose of DNA replication in the cell cycle?
• Which type of bonds hold the two strands of DNA together between complementary base pairs?
• What is the purpose of translation?
• What is the role of sigma factor in bacterial transcription initiation?
• In eukaryotes, where does transcription initiation generally occur and what promoter elements are common?
• How is replication initiated differently in eukaryotes?
• How does transcription differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in terms of processing?
• Who discovered and developed the double helix model of DNA?
• In bacteria, what protein recognizes the origin of replication (oriC) and initiates replication?
• Which enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix during replication?
• A codon on mRNA specifies which of the following?
• The DNA molecule's shape is described as the twisted ladder. What is this shape called?
• What does mRNA stand for?
• Which statement best describes transcription?
• The nitrogen bases form the rungs of the ladder. Which component forms the rungs?
• What is meant by anti-parallel orientation in DNA?
• Which statement describes both DNA and RNA?
• Which statement best describes complementary base pairing?
• DNA stands for?
• Which enzyme extends the new DNA strand by adding nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction?
• Describe the initiation of translation in prokaryotes.
• Which type of RNA forms the major structural component of ribosomes?
• What occurs during translation elongation?
• Semi-conservative replication means that which of the following is true?
• Which type of bonds hold complementary base pairs together in DNA?
• What is meant by the term 'wobble' in codon-anticodon pairing?
• Which of the following are components of a nucleotide?
• What is the primary function of exons in mature mRNA?
• Which scientist used X-ray crystallography to examine the structure of the DNA molecule?
• Translation is defined as which of the following?
• What does semi-conservative replication mean?
• Which molecule is described as double-stranded and capable of replicating?
• Which molecule is arranged as a double helix?
• What are the three main steps of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?
• What is the role of primase in prokaryotic replication?
• During translation, which bond formation is directly responsible for linking amino acids into a growing polypeptide chain?
• In bacteria, which protein complex is a key component of mismatch repair?
• What was the key contribution of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty to DNA history?
• Which statement best describes the flow of genetic information in biology?
• Which two pathways repair double-strand breaks in cells?
• What are the three stages of translation and the main events in each?
• In eukaryote cells, which travels out of the nucleus to a ribosome?
• What is the start codon and amino acid it encodes in most organisms?
• RNA is best described as which of the following?
• Which statement best describes the end-replication problem and the role of telomeres?
• Which molecule has the sugar ribose?
• What did Griffith's experiment demonstrate?
• What role do transcriptional and translational regulation play in gene expression?
• Which molecular machine excises introns and splices exons in most eukaryotic pre-mRNA?
• Which enzyme is responsible for removing RNA primers and replacing them with DNA in prokaryotes?
• DNA polymerase is best described as which of the following?
• Which base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
• How does translation initiation differ between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
• What are ribosomal subunit sizes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their general function?
• What is the function of the 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail in eukaryotic mRNA?
• What was the significance of Franklin's X-ray diffraction images for DNA?
• Cytosine pairs with which base?
• Who proposed the double-helix structure of DNA and what evidence supported it?
• Which experiment showed that DNA is the transforming principle using purified extracts?
• What happens during translation termination?
• How does the origin of replication differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
• Which enzyme catalyzes the joining of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand?
• What role do histones play in DNA packaging?
• What enzyme removes RNA primers in eukaryotic replication?
• In bacteria, what is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence?